Ncp for Respiratory System

CUESNURSING DIAGNOSISSCIENTIFIC EXPLANATIONPLANNINGNURSING INTERVENTIONRATIONALEEVALUATION S> O> >abnormal lung sound >decreased lung sound over affected area >cough >dyspnea >change in respiratory status >purulent sputum Ineffective airway clearance related to increased sputum production in response to respiratory infection After blank hours of nursing intervention, patient’s airway will be able to be free of secretions as evidence by eupnea and clear lung sounds after coughing. >Assess respiratory movement and use of accessory muscle gt;assess cough for effectiveness and productivity >observe sputum color, sputum amount and odor and report significant changes >auscultate lung sounds noting areas of decreased ventilation and presence of adventitious sounds >monitor pulse oximetry and ABGs >use of accessory muscle to breath indicates an abnormal increase in work of breathing >patients may have ineffective cough due to fatigue or thick tenacious tissue >a sign of infection is d iscolored sputum. An odor may be present >bronchial lung sounds commonly heared over areas of ling density or consolidation. Crackles are heared when fluid is present >hypoxemia may result from impaired gas exchange from build up of secretions. ABG’s provide data about CO2 levels in the blood >these determine the progression of disease process CUESNURSING DIAGNOSISSCIENTIFIC EXPLANATIONPLANNINGNURSING INTERVENTION RATIONALE EVALUATION S> O> >abnormal lung sound >decreased lung sound over affected area >cough >dyspnea >change in respiratory status >purulent sputum Ineffective airway clearance related to increased sputum production in response to respiratory infection After blank hours of nursing intervention, patient’s airway will be able to be free of secretions as evidence by eupnea and clear lung sounds after coughing. >encourage patient to cough unless cough is frequent and non productive >use optimal positioning; encourage ambulation >assist patient with coughing, deep breathing, and splinting as necessary >maintain adequate hydration >use humidity (humidified oxygen or humidifier at bedside) >assist with pharynx suctioning as necssary gt;assist patient with use of incentive spirometer >for patients with reduced energy, pace activities >provide oral care >frequent non productive coughing can result to hypoxemia >The sitting position and splinting the abdomen promote more effective coughing by increasing abdominal pressure and diaphragmatic movement ambulation mobilizes secretion and reduces atelectasis >this improves productivity o f the cough >fluids are used by diaphoresis, fever and tachypnea and are needed to aid in the mobilization of secretions Increasing the humidity of the inspired air will loosen secretions. gt;coughing is the most helpful way to remove secretions. Nasotracheal suctioning may cause increase hypoxemia especially without hyperoxygenation before, during, and after suctioning. >incentive spirometry serves to improve deep breathing and prevent atelectasis >effective coughing is hard work and may exhaust an already compromised patient >secretions from pneumonia are usually foul tasting and smelling. Providing oral care may decrese nausea and vomiting

EDCI Assignment 3 Essay Example

EDCI Assignment 3 Essay Example EDCI Assignment 3 Paper EDCI Assignment 3 Paper Chapter 1 Chemistry 1201/1202 Give the chemical symbol or name for the following elements, as appropriate: (a) sulfur, (b) magnesium, (c) potassium, (d) chlorine, (e) copper, (f) F, (g) Ni, (h) Na, (i) Al, (j)Si Question 1.13 Make the following conversions: (a) 62 degree Farenheit to Celsius, (b) 216.7 degree Celsius (c) 233 degrees Celsius to Kelvin, (d) 315 K to degrees Farenheit (e) 2500 degrees Farenheit to Kelvin. Question 1.25 Round each of the following numbers to four significant figures, and express the result in standard exponential notation: (a) 102.53070, (b) 656,980, (c)0.008543210, (d) 0.000257870, (e) -0.0357202 Question 1.37 By using estimation techniques, arrange these items in order from shortest to longest: a 57-cm length of string, a 14-in. long shoe, and a 1.1-m length of pipe. Question 1.51 A 32.65-g. sample of a solid is placed in a flask. Toluene, in which the solid is insoluble, is added to the flask so that the total volume of solid and liquid together is 50.00 mL. The solid and toluene together weight 58.58 g. The density of toluene at the temperature of the experiment is 0.864 g/ mL. What is the density of the solid? Question 1.70 Suppose you are given a sample of a homogeneous liquid. What would you do to determine whether it is a solution or a pure substance? Question 1.78 Chapter 2 Chemistry 1201/1202 Four of the boxes in the following periodic table are colored. Which of these are metals and which are nonmetals? Which one is an alkaline earth metal? Which is a noble gas? [Image on back] Fill in the gaps in the following table, assuming each column represents a neutral atom:[Image on back] How many hydrogen atoms are in each of the following: (a) C2 H5 OH (b) Ca (CH3 COO)2 , (c) (NH4 )3 PO4 ? Question 2.45 Write the chemical formulas for the follwing compounds: (a) aluminum hydroxide, (b) potassium sulfate, (c) copper (I) oxide, (d) zinc nitrate, (e) mercury (II) bromide, (f) iron (III) carbonate, (g) sodium hypobromite. Question 2.67 The element oxygen has three naturally occuring isotopes, with 8,9,10 neutrons in the nucleus, resepctively. (a) Write the full chemical symbols for these three isotopes. (b) Describe the similarities and differences between the three kinds of atoms of oxygen. Question 2.88 From the molecular structures shown here, identify the one that corresponds to each of the following species: (a) Chlorine gas; (b) propane, (c) nitrate ion; (d) sulfur trioxide; (e) methyl chloride, CH3 Cl. [Image on back] Chapter 3 Chemistry 1201/1202 (a) What is the difference between adding a subscript 2 to the end of the formula CO to give CO2 and adding a coefficent in front of the formula to give 2 CO? (b) Is the following chemical equation, as written, consistent with the law of conservation of mass? 3Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2 H3 PO4 (aq) - Mg3 (PO4)2 (s) + 6 H2 O(l) Question 3.10 Balance the following equations, and indicate whether they are combination, decomposition, or combustion reactions: (a) Al (s) + Cl2 (g) AlCl3 (s) (b) C2 H4 (g) + O2 (g) CO(g) + HO(g) (c) Li(s) + N2 (g) Li3N(s) (d) PbCO3 (s) PbO(s) + CO2 (g) (e) C7H8O2(l) + O2(g) CO2 (g) + H2O (g) Question 3.19 Determine the formula weights of each of the following compounds: (a) nitric acid, HNO3 ; (b) KMnO4; (c) Ca3 (PO4 )2 ; (d) quartz, SiO2; (e) gallium sulfide, (f) chromium (III) sulfate, (g) phosphorus trichloride. Question 3.21 The molecular formula of allicin, the compound responsible for the characteristic smell of garlic, is C6 H10 OS2 . (a) What is the molar mass of allicin? (b) How many moles of allicin are present in 5.00 mg of this substance? (c) How many molecules of allicin are in 5.00mg of this substance? (d) How many S atoms are present in 5.00 mg of allicin? Question 3.37 Give the empirical ormula of each of the following compounds if a sample contains (a.) 0.0130 mol C, 0.0390 mol H, and 0.0065 mol O; (b) 11.66 g iron and 5.01 g oxygen; (c) 40.0% C, 6.7% H, and 53.3% O by mass. Question 3.43 Hydrofluoric acid, HF (aq), cannot be stored in glass bottles because compounds called silicates in the glass are attacked by the HF (aq). Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), for example, reacts as follows: Na2SiO3 (s) + 8 HF (aq) H2 SiF6 (aq) + 2 NaF (aq) + 3 H2 O (l) (a) How many moles of HF are needed to react with 0.300 of Na2SiO3 ? (b) How many grams of NaF form when 0.500 mol of HF reacts with excess Na2SiO3 ? (c) How many grams of Na2SiO3 can react with 0.800 g of HF ? Question 3.57 A manufacturer of bicycles has 4815 wheels, 2305 frames, and 2255 handlebars. (a) How many bicycles can be manufactured using these parts? (b) How many parts of each kind are left over? (c) Which part limits the production of bicycles ? Question 3.69 Chapter 4 Chemistry 1201/1202 We have learned in this chapter that many ionic solids dissolve in water as strong electrolytes, that is , as separated ions in solution. What properties water faciliate this process? Question 4.13 Will precipitation occur when the following solutions are mixed? If so, write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. (a) Na2CO3 and AgNO3, and (b) NaNO3 and NiSO4 (c) FeSO4 and Pb (NO3 )2. Question 4.21 HCl, HBr, and HI are strong acids, yet HF is a weak acid. What does this mean in terms of the extent to wshich theses substances are ionized in solution? Question 4.33 Which circled region of the periodic table shown here contains the most readily oxidized elemnts? Which contains the least readily oxidized? [Image on back] The average adult human male has a total blood volume of 5.0 L. If the concentration of sodium ion in this average individual is 0.135 M, what is the mass of sodium ion circulating in the blood? Question 4.63 What mass of KCl is needed to precipitate the sivler ions from 15.0 mL of 0.200 M AgNO3 solution? Question 4.79 Chapter 5 Chemistry 1201/1202 Consider the accompanying energy diagram. (a) Does this diagram represent an increase or decrease in the internal energy of the system? (b) What sign is given to delta E(energy) for this process? (c)If there is no work associated with the process, is it exothermic or endothermic?[Image on back] (a) Calculate the kinetic energy in joules of a 45-g golf ball moving at 61 m/s. (b) Convert this energy to calories. (c) What happens to this energy when the ball lands in a sand trap? Question 5.13 Calculate delta E (energy), and determine whether the process is endothermic or exothermic for the follwing cases: (a) A system absorbs 105 kJ of heat from its surroundings while doing 29 kJ of work on the surroundings; (b) q= 1.50 kJ and w = 657 J; (c) the system releases 57.5 kJ of heat while doing 22.5 kJ of work on the surroundings. Question 5.25 You are given delta H (enthalpy) for a process that occurs at constant pressure. What additional information do you need to determine delta E (energy) for the process? Question 5.33 (a) What is the specific heat of liquid water? (b) What is the molar heat capacity of liquid water? (c) What is the heat capacity of 185 g of liquid water? (d) How many kJ of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 10.00 kg of liquid water from 24.6 degrees Celsius to 46.2 degrees Celsius? Question 5.49 Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction P4O6 (s) + 2 O2 (g) P4O10(s) given the following enthalpies of reaction: P4(s) + 3O2(s)- 2H2O(g) delta H = -483.6 kJ P4(s) + 5O2(g)-2 O3 (g) delta H = +284.6 kJ Question 5.61 (a) What is meant by the term standard conditions, with reference to enthalpy changes? (b) What is meant by the term enthalpy of formation? (c) What is meant by the term standard enthalpy of formation? Question 5.65

enzymes essays

enzymes essays The experiment is designed to determine whether the catalytic behavior of the enzyme is altered if the normal chemical environment is changed. The goal is to lower the concentration of lactase, so more excess enzyme is available to produce a greater amount of product for the same enzyme with the same volume in a sixty second period. The substrate o-nitrophenyl-B D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) was used. A diluted Lact-Aid solution was the enzyme. The enzyme never reached saturation point in either the control or treatment. The use of fewer enzymes decreased the absorption of the ONPG. The 1/2X takes a longer amount of time to get to the same point as the 1X. Enzymes are catalysts. Most are proteins. Enzymes bind temporarily to one or more of the reactants of the reaction they catalyze. In doing so, they lower the amount of activation energy needed and thus speed up the reaction. Lactase is an enzyme normally found in the small intestine that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose (milk sugar) to the monosaccharide galactose and glucose. The pH of the small intestine is alkaline (pH=8) and the temperature is 37C in humans. Salt concentrations on the order of 0.1 M (100 mM) are considered physiological. We worked to characterize lactase activity under optimal conditions such as are found in the small intestine. The usual means by which enzyme activity is assessed is through measurement of the rate of product formation or the rate of substrate disappearance could also be measured. The rate of lactose disappearance can not be measured by a spectronic-20, so the synthetic compound, ONPG is used as the alternative substrate. Wh en ONPG is hydrolyzed by lactase, it yields the product 0-nitropenolate and galactose. O-nitropenolate is yellow in color and absorbs at a wavelength of 420 nm, so the spectronic-20 can be used to measure its appearance. Our experiment was designed to determine whether the catalytic beha...

Vertebrates - Vertebrata - the Animal Encyclopedia

Vertebrates - Vertebrata - the Animal Encyclopedia Vertebrates (Vertebrata) are a group of chordates that includes birds, mammals, fishes,  lampreys, amphibians, and reptiles. Vertebrates have a vertebral column in which the notochord is replaced by multiple vertebrae that form a backbone. The vertebrae surround and protect a nerve cord and provide the animal with structural support.  Vertebrates have a well-developed head, a distinct brain that is protected by a skull, and paired sense organs. They also have a highly efficient respiratory system, a muscular pharynx with slits and gills (in terrestrial vertebrates the slits and gills are greatly modified), a muscularized gut, and a chambered heart. Another notable character of vertebrates is their endoskeleton. An endoskeleton is an internal assemblage of notochord, bone or cartilage that provides the animal with structural support. The endoskeleton grows as the animal grows and provides a sturdy framework to which the animals muscles are attached. The vertebral column in vertebrates is one of the groups defining characteristics. In most vertebrates, a notochord is present early in their development. The notochord is a flexible yet supportive rod that runs along the length of the body. As the animal develops, the notochord is replaced by a series of vertebrae that form the vertebral column. Basal vertebrates such as cartilaginous fishes and ray-finned fishes breath using gills. Amphibians have external gills in the larval stage of their development and (in most species) lungs as adults. Higher vertebrates- such as reptiles, birds, and mammals- have lungs instead of gills. For many years, the earliest vertebrates were thought to be the ostracoderms, a group of jawless, bottom-dwelling, filter-feeding marine animals. But during the past decade, researchers have discovered several fossil vertebrates that are older than the ostracoderms. These newly discovered specimens, which are about 530 million years old, include Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys. These fossils exhibit numerous vertebrate traits such as a heart, paired eyes, and primitive vertebrae. The origin of jaws marked an important point in vertebrate evolution. Jaws enabled vertebrates to capture and consume larger prey than their jawless ancestors. Scientists believe that jaws arose via the modification of the first or second-gill arches. This adaptation is thought to have at first been a way of increasing gill ventilation. Later, as musculature developed and the gill arches bent forward, the structure functioned as jaws. Of all living vertebrates, only the lampreys lack jaws. Key Characteristics The key characteristics of vertebrates include: vertebral columnwell-developed headdistinct brainpaired sense organsefficient respiratory systemmuscular pharynx with slits and gillsmuscularized gutchambered heartendoskeleton Species Diversity Approximately 57,000 species.  Vertebrates account for about 3% of all known species on our planet. The other 97% of species alive today are invertebrates. Classification Vertebrates are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Vertebrates are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Bony fishes (Osteichthyes) - There are about 29,000 species of bony fishes alive today. Members of this group include ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes. Bony fishes are so named because they have a skeleton made of true bone.Cartilaginous fishes (Chondricthyes) - There are about 970 species of cartilaginous fishes alive today. Members of this group include sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras. Cartilaginous fishes have a skeleton that is made of cartilage instead of bone.Lampreys and Hagfishes (Agnatha) - There are about 40 species of lamprey alive today. Members of this group include pouched lampreys, Chilean lampreys, Australian lampreys, northern lampreys, and others. Lampreys are jawless vertebrates that have a long narrow body. They lack scales and have a sucker-like mouth.Tetrapods (Tetrapoda) - There are about 23,000 species of tetrapods alive today. Members of this group include birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. Tetrapods are vertebrates with four limbs (or whos e ancestors had four limbs). References Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S. Animal Diversity. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2012. 479 p. Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S, Larson A, lAnson H, Eisenhour D. Integrated Principles of Zoology 14th ed. Boston MA: McGraw-Hill; 2006. 910 p.

Future of Marine Communication in Navy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Future of Marine Communication in Navy - Essay Example As Harris has said, "Communications is everything, it's the ability to pass information down to our units that are supporting us and are working in our group, and up to our bosses so that they have a feeling of assuredness that we're doing the right thing in a timely fashion, and we're answering their questions, as well". (http://www.news.navy.mil) In 1916, telephone and telegraph on a trial basis connected the United States Navy Department. The result of these tests was so satisfactory that the department proposed to arrange for a non-stop direct long-distance service by telephone and telegraph. From these preliminary experiments, developed the current concept of communications through wireless means as radio and data links. The latest technology trends in naval communication is Marcom, a digital integrated voice / data switching system for affordable command and control equipment supporting communications and radio room automation. It uses the latest technology to offer the user a command and control system that is inexpensive, user friendly, and a solution to the complex voice, video and data communications needs of current and future endeavours. L-3 Communication Systems-East designs, located in New Jersey, has developed this technology. "Marcom has the flexibility to support integration with both legacy and modern communi cation systems like automated radio rooms based on network radios like JTRS. Applications include: shipboard / mobile interior and exterior communications; radio base band circuit switching; air traffic control; secure switching; and command and control centres." This virtually caters for all that the Navy needs today. (http://www.naval-technology.com) Selex Communications is another naval communications provider which specialises in different aspects of communication system design including: New-generation radio transmitters, transceivers, receivers and ancillaries covering the VLF to SHF frequency range to meet the communication requirements of strategic and tactical military operations New generation wideband switches for wire, fibre-optic and wireless communication networks, supporting and extending the ATM and IP modes of operation in compliance with the security requirements of military applications Multi-function, multi-algorithm crypto devices for information security over wire and wire less channels" (http://www.naval-technology.com) In conformity with these requirements, it has been providing Ship-Shore-Ship Buffer Stations for NATO Navies Italian satellite program (SICRAL) and tactical land-based/ship board/airborne terminals NATO BRASS program, a network of shore- based stations to support Naval Broadcast and Ship-Shore services. It also provides external communications subsystem for plain/secure voice/data communication between the ship and the out side world, consisting of radio equipment with ancillaries and antennas to include: HF transceivers (SRT-175/N, SRT-674/E and SRT-2006 families) VLF/LF/MF/HF receivers of the MSC SR-1022/N family Broadband, fan-type and narrowband HF whip antennas V/UHF transceivers (S

Answering the given questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answering the given questions - Assignment Example Venezuela mainly adopted capital controls so as to protect its domestic economy from the volatile or unpredictable capital movements. The sole aim of doing so was to allow full domestic employment and maximizing of social welfare, saving of foreign exchange  and keeping both international and domestic finances under the national control. Generally, the motivations at the back capital controls often ranged from the rising revenues, buying time for managing a speculative aggression, and the international monetary transformation.   On the other hand, controls were adopted in Venezuela due to its provision of a substitute for insufficient solvency supervision regarding banks and all the other financial firms, reduction of the amount of unstable temporary foreign credits with regards to the prevailing economy, and the aspect of limitation with regards to international financier’s power (Knight & Satchell, 2007).   From the Venezuela’s case, there can be a cognitive distinction between the black and gray market. Black market is often not a physical region or place, but is rather a fiscal activity whereby goods and/or services are transacted illegally. On the other hand, gray market refers to a commodity trade through the distribution channels in which, as much as they can be legal, they are unofficial, unintended, or unauthorized by the primary manufacturer (Knight & Satchell, 2007).  The Santiago’s financial analysis is based on its choices and can be summarized in a simple manner. The entire financial mishap was due to the attempt of trying to meet the U.S Dollar obligation. This was after a transaction that saw the disbursement of $30000 worth products from a U.S based vendor to a specific customer who went to the extent of reselling it. He then opted for a dollar exchange through a gray market whereby there was an involvement in a deposit of up to 20%. This deal was hence s ealed after two business days. The un-official gray market

Chap 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chap 8 - Essay Example In practice, the audit process has five steps: planning, studying and evaluating controls, testing and evaluating controls, reporting, follow up and reports (Hingarh and Ahmed, 39). Understanding the scope of an audit is fundamental in ensuring that one conducts a successful audit. The scope of an audit is supposed to guide the editor and give him understanding of exactly what is expected of him during the audit (Hingarh and Ahmed, 56). In the case given, the scope of the audit required that the IT manager identifies the causes of bounced checks, unrecorded transactions especially between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. In addition to this, the manager was expected to identify the cause of wrong order of execution of business transactions. Apart from the scope of an audit, IT managers conducting systems audit and supposed to understand the best control environment that will give the best results of an audit. The control environment helps managers to know exactly the best control features to add to a system for better performance (Hingarh and Ahmed, 68). In conclusion, information system audit is an important exercise in any organization’s systems and needs to be done regularly to avoid errors and miscalculations in a system. According to research, system audit saves many companies from losses and ensures steady execution of business activities and transactions (Hingarh and Ahmed,